Geopolitical situation of the Southern Kyiv region as the factor of forming the political independence of the Ukrainian cossacks
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Abstract. The purpose of the article is to analyze the factors of geopolitical transformations that determined the process of forming the political independence of the Ukrainian Cossacks at the stage before the emergence of the early modern Ukrainian Cossack state in the middle of the 17th century. Scientific novelty. The transformation of the Ukrainian Cossacks from an amorphous group of border industrialists into the status of a new elite of Ukrainian society of the early modern era is a unique phenomenon in the history of not only Ukraine. However, this circumstance is often declared without a proper explanation of the factors that led to such a radical sociological change. Therefore, we drew attention to one of the most important such factors, which was the factor of the specificity of the geopolitical situation of the Southern Kyiv region during the second half of the 15th – first half of the 17th centuries. In particular, its influence on the formation of the political independence of the Ukrainian Cossacks was clarified. This was of extremely important importance for the dynamics of ethno-social processes within the entire Ukrainian community of that time. Conclusions. The half-autonomous status of the Southern Kyiv region both within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was the basis for the development of political independence of the Ukrainian Cossacks, as well as the later extrapolation of the “Cossack system” to these territories. These processes were of epochal importance for the formation of the early modern Ukrainian nation and were conditioned by radical geopolitical transformations in Central and Eastern Europe during the second half of the 15th century. The emergence of powerful civilizational challenges from the newly formed Muslim states – the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Khanate – forced the settled Christian population of the southern borders of the Lithuanian-Ruthenian state, who were the inhabitants of the Southern Kyiv region, to give an adequate response. The Ukrainian Cossacks became this group, which was the guarantor of geopolitical stability of the entire Great Border of Ukraine. This was also facilitated by the constant growth of the political independence of the Cossacks.
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