The social structure of the peasantry of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the interpretations of Ukrainian and Russian historiographies of the second half of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries
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Abstract. The purpose of the article is to clarify the views of Ukrainian and Russian historians of the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. on the differentiation of the peasantry of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Scientific novelty. The presented work is the first attempt in Ukrainian historiography to systematically present the vision of the social structure of the peasantry of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by Ukrainian and Russian scholars of the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Conclusions. the study of the social structure of the peasantry of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, initiated in Ukrainian and Russian historiography in the 60s of the 19th centuries, was at the stage of searching for a methodology for the next two decades. The scientific results of this period are characterized by differences in understanding the criteria of differentiation, superficiality and a simplified approach to the classification and analysis of peasantry categories. However, the works of the young F. Leontovych, as well as I. Belyaev and I. Novytsky, which became the foundation for further scientific studies, were distinguished by their scientificity and objectivity. In general, the scientific process in the segment of the study of the structure of the peasantry moved along an upward line and reached its apogee in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. At this time, the works of F. Leontovych, M. Vladimirsky-Budanov, M. Lyubavsky, M. Hrushevsky were especially thorough. The criteria of peasant categories applied by them and some other scientists turned out to be conceptually close to each other, although they sometimes had differences in details, content and justification. In particular, the above-mentioned researchers developed and substantiated the differentiation of peasants based on three main criteria: 1) by legal status and personal dependence; 2) by the form of land ownership and land use; 3) by the nature of obligations. It is characteristic that the differentiation of the peasantry of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was presented by researchers mainly within the period of the 15th - the first half of the 16th century, and only in rare cases did they address this problem in subsequent times.
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Referencеs
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