Cuba’s participation in African military conflicts in the 1970s–1980s: the geopolitical impact of Fidel Castro

Abstract

Abstract. The purpose of this article is to analyze Cuba’s participation in African military conflicts in the 1970s–1980s, with particular focus on assessing the scope of military-political intervention and determining Fidel Castro’s geopolitical influence on the course of regional conflicts. The study examines the motives of Cuban policy, interaction with international actors, as well as the long-term consequences for international relations during the Cold War. Special attention is given to Castro’s strategic objectives, which aimed not only to support socialist movements but also to strengthen Cuba’s international weight by forging alliances with the countries of the Global South. The importance of the topic is also determined by its relevance for teaching academic disciplines to students of the specialties A4.03 Secondary Education (History and Civic Education), B9 History and Archaeology, and C3 International Relations, as it deepens the understanding of global processes of the second half of the 20th century and allows tracing the origins of contemporary international challenges in Africa. Scientific novelty. The article’s novelty lies in a comprehensive analysis of Cuba’s role, with particular emphasis on Fidel Castro’s personal influence and the autonomy of his decisions regarding Africa. Unlike traditional studies that reduced Cuban intervention solely to manifestations of ideological struggle, this work highlights the pragmatic dimension of foreign policy, as well as instances where Havana’s position diverged from that of the Soviets. The use of memoirs, speeches, and statements of Cuban figures, African leaders, and diplomatic documents makes it possible to reassess the scale and consequences of the interventions. Conclusions. Cuba’s participation in Africa’s military conflicts became an important factor in geopolitical transformations. It contributed to the processes of decolonization and the struggle against apartheid, while at the same time supporting Marxist regimes, prolonging certain wars, and deepening international tensions. Cuba left a significant mark on the continent’s history and established itself as an independent international actor within the global Cold War system.