The origin and evolution of award systems in European Monarchies: from Medieval Orders to modern decorations
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Abstract. The purpose. This article presents a comprehensive study of the historical development of award systems in European monarchies, covering the period from the emergence of the first knightly orders in the Middle Ages to modern state decorations. It examines the socio-political preconditions for the formation of award systems as a tool for consolidating power, encouraging loyalty and recognising services to the state. Methodology. The research is based on a wide range of sources, including archival documents, statutes of orders, memoirs, and contemporary scientific publications. The methodological approach combines historical, comparative, and cultural analysis, which allows for a comprehensive picture of the evolution of European award systems in their social, political, and cultural context. The scientific novelty. The study analyses the transformation of the functions and symbolism of award systems in the context of changing political regimes and social structures. Particular attention is paid to the evolution of award criteria: from military exploits and religious service in the Middle Ages to the recognition of civil merits, scientific achievements and cultural contributions in the modern era. The author traces the continuity of traditions and the adaptation of historical forms to new realities.
Conclusions. The comparative analysis includes a study of the characteristics of the award systems of various European monarchies, revealing both general trends in development and specific national features. The mechanisms of mutual influence between different royal courts and the processes of unification of award practices within the European cultural space are considered. The article explores the role of award systems in the formation of court hierarchy and diplomatic relations between European states. It analyses the use of orders and medals as instruments of international politics, means of strengthening dynastic ties and demonstrating the prestige of monarchical houses on the European stage. Particular emphasis is placed on the study of the adaptation of traditional award systems to the conditions of constitutional monarchies and democratic transformations. The preservation of historical traditions in modern European kingdoms and their role in supporting the cultural identity and historical memory of the nation are explored.
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References
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