Bulletin of Cherkasy University. Historical Sciences
The collection of scientific works contains articles that cover current issues of Ukrainian history, historiography and methodology of historical research, and world history. The collection also contains overviews and reviews of Ukrainian and foreign scientific and educational publications, scientific chronicles, etc. For a wide range of scholars, teachers, graduate students, students and anyone interested in historical science. Established in: 1997 Topics: Topical issues of historiography and the methods of history research, world history, History of Ukraine and Ethnology. Abstract databases: Google Scholar (Bulletin of Cherkasy University. Historical Series, scholar.google.com), abstracts database Ukrainika Naukova (Bulletin of Cherkasy University. Historical Series, irbis-nbuv.gov.ua) ISSN: 2076-5908 (Print) The journal is indexed in international scientific-metric base: Index Copernicus International ICV 2023: 58.53 State registration certificate: KV No.21390-11190R dated 25.06.2015 Professional registration: Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine No. 409 dated 17.03.2020, category B. Specialty according to State Accrediting Committee: 07 – Historical Sciences Frequency: twice times per year Language of the publication: Ukrainian, English Founder: Bohdan Khmelnytsky National University of Cherkasy Chair of the Editorial Board: Doctor of Historical Sciences, Assoc. K. V. Ivangorodsky (Bohdan Khmelnytsky National University of Cherkasy, Ukraine). Deputy Chairman of the Editorial Board: A. P. Irzhavska, Candidate of Historical Sciences, Associate Professor (Bohdan Khmelnytsky National University of Cherkasy, Ukraine). Secretaries responsible: Cand. of hist. sc., Assoc. V. O. Kireeva (Bohdan Khmelnytsky National University of Cherkasy, Ukraine); Cand. of hist. sc., Assoc. L. G. Lysytsya (Bohdan Khmelnytsky National University of Cherkasy, Ukraine). Editorial office address: 81 Shevchenko Blvd., Cherkasy 18031 Telephone: (067) 938-17-76; (067) 798-47-22 E-mail: vcusin@ukr.net historycnu@gmail.com URL: http://history-ejournal.cdu.edu.ua
Черкаський національний університет імені Богдана Хмельницького
Russian propaganda in the context of Russia’s armed aggression against Ukraine
Summary. The purpose of this study is to analyze the features and main narratives of Russian propaganda in the context of Russia's armed aggression against Ukraine. The methodology of the study is based on the principles of science, the use of general scientific methods inter alia, the methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as the content analysis method. The scientific novelty of the article lies in examining the under-researched problem of Russian propaganda in the context of Russia's armed aggression against Ukraine. Conclusions. The conducted research gives grounds to assert that Russian propaganda uses all the resources available to it today: mass media, Internet trolls, etc. At the same time, its principles are based on the traditions of Russian anti-Ukrainian propaganda of 1917: manipulation of public opinion, promotion of political, economic, cultural and social destabilization in Ukraine in order to discredit the Ukrainian government. Having launched an armed aggression against Ukraine, the Russian leadership was forced to look for arguments to justify it. Therefore, many pro-Kremlin narratives have emerged, such as references to US-funded biological laboratories in Ukraine or the thesis about the need to protect the Russian-speaking population of Donbas. Russian propaganda texts contain appropriate vocabulary, selected to evoke positive emotions and sympathy for everything related to Russia, and negative emotions when it comes to Ukraine, its Armed Forces, etc. Russian propaganda is directed both at its own Russian population and at foreign audiences. The temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine are a separate direction of Russian propaganda. It has been established that the effectiveness of countering Russian propaganda is not always satisfactory. In many regions of the world, Russian propaganda dominates, while the Ukrainian point of view is not adequately reflected in the information space of many countries.
Copyright (c) 2025 Bulletin of Cherkasy University. Historical Sciences
Strategies and practices to counter destructive information influences during a full-scale military invasion by the Russian Federation
Abstract. The purpose. It has been established that, under the conditions of the full-scale military invasion by the Russian Federation, the enemy’s destructive information influences serve as a tool for implementing the Russian Federation’s strategic plans aimed at eliminating Ukrainian statehood and nationhood. The scientific novelty. It is highlighted that the joint efforts of the state and civil society have succeeded in spreading among Ukrainian citizens the conviction that the current Russian-Ukrainian war constitutes an existential confrontation for Ukraine. It has been proven that the prolonged dissemination of information through influencers close to the authorities has led to growing distrust toward those authorities, against the backdrop of discrepancies between the government’s promises and their actual implementation. This distrust has increased amid the spread of populist slogans and messages by a number of pro-government «experts» who demonstrated an inability to form realistic forecasts, a lack of readiness to objectively assess events on the front lines, the scale and nature of foreign aid, as well as an unwillingness to link the provision of such aid to specific pre-determined actions by the Ukrainian authorities aimed at combating manifestations of corruption. The conclusions. It has been determined that cooperation between certain bloggers and individual state bodies has, to some extent, facilitated the process of exchanging prisoners of war, contributed to debunking a number of fakes spread by Russian propaganda, and shed light on the real motivation of Russian servicemen for participating in the war against Ukraine – a motivation based not on ideological convictions but primarily on material and financial incentives. It has been established that increasing the population’s media literacy on its own cannot ensure success in countering hostile destructive information influences without an effective and well-considered strategic communication policy.
The image of prince Roman Mstyslavich in the works of representatives of the Cracow historical school
The purpose of the study is to study the evolution of the image of the figure of the Galician-Volyn prince Roman Mstyslavych and his assessment in the works of scholars belonging to the Cracow historical school. The methodological basis of the work is the general scientific principles of objectivism and historicism, as well as reliance on source material. Special emphasis is placed on the application of special scientific methods of historiographic research such as historiographic analysis and synthesis, comparative historical, biographical and other methods. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the fact that for the first time in domestic historiographic studies, the specifics of the image of the figure of Roman Mstyslavych in the works of different generations of scholars from the Cracow historical school are studied. As a result, it was noted that Polish historians who worked in the second half of the 19th - the first third of the 20th century. and represented the Krakow historical school, showed considerable interest in the figure of the first Galician-Volyn prince Roman Mstyslavych and studied his role in the history of medieval Poland and Rus in detail. The activities of the Rus prince and his relations with the princes of the Piast dynasty were reflected in the works of both the older generation of representatives of the Krakow historical school such as J. Shuisky and F. Lewycki, and in the studies of S. Smolka and M. Bobrzynski. In the works of the mentioned historians, published in the period from the 1860s to the 1920s, there was a significant evolution of the image of Roman Mstyslavych and historical events related to his activities. Thus, in such early works of Krakow scholars as in the studies of J. Szujsky, the figure of the Galician-Volhynian prince was depicted as an exemplary oriental despot and a bloodthirsty barbarian, an “enemy of Christianity” and everything European. Such ideas were dictated by the uncritical reproduction of the testimonies of Polish medieval works, which were distinguished by their anti-Rus positions, and also by the significant influence of romantic historiography on the views of historians in the 1860s. Gradually, the image of Prince Roman was reinterpreted and in the works of historians it lost its most odious characteristics. Finally, in the studies of the younger generation of representatives of the Krakow historical school, who followed the traditions of positivism and “historical pessimism”, balanced assessments of Roman Mstyslavych appeared.
Study of the Okhmativ Battle (1655) in Polish historiography
Abstract. The purpose of this article is to study the features of the depiction of the battle between the Polish-Tatar and Cossack-Muscovite troops near Okhmativ in 1655 in the works of Polish historians of the second half of the 19th – early 21st centuries, to determine the evolution of its historiographic image. The methodological basis of the article is a comparative-historical analysis of historiographic facts, based on the principles of historicism and objectivity. The work used general scientific methods, such as analysis and synthesis, comparison, systematization, classification and comparison, as well as special-historical research methodology, in particular the historical-genetic method and criticism of historical sources. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the reflection of the first in domestic historiographic studies of the specifics of the depiction of the events of the Battle of Okhmativ in the works of Polish historians. Conclusions. As a result, it is noted that the military campaign of the fall of 1654 – winter of 1655 and the Battle of Okhmativ, which were part of the national liberation war of the Ukrainian nation in the middle of the 17th century, were perhaps most deeply reflected in the works of Polish historians who worked from the second half of the 19th century to the present. In Polish historiography, the image of the Battle of Okhmativ in 1655 underwent a certain evolution from rather superficial mentions in more general studies of the history of Poland, which appeared in the works of the 19th century, to special studies of the events of the military campaign of the end of 1654 – the beginning of 1655 in the works of modern Polish scholars. The assessment of the results of the Battle of Okhmativ by historians has also undergone changes. Thus, in the conclusions of historians from the 19th century, it was seen as an unequivocal victory for the Polish side, but already at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. it was reassessed and researchers saw it as an armed clash that did not bring a decisive advantage to either side, but led to significant losses. Modern research reveals a departure from the uncritical repetition of the image of events, attested in Polish sources of the 17th century, and various biased anti-Ukrainian stereotypes, which often took place in the works of Polish historians of the 19th and first half of the 20th centuries, and a transition to a detailed analytical study of the topic, depicting it from the positions of both sides of the conflict.
The social structure of the peasantry of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in the interpretations of Ukrainian and Russian historiographies of the second half of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries
Abstract. The purpose of the article is to clarify the views of Ukrainian and Russian historians of the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. on the differentiation of the peasantry of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Scientific novelty. The presented work is the first attempt in Ukrainian historiography to systematically present the vision of the social structure of the peasantry of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by Ukrainian and Russian scholars of the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Conclusions. the study of the social structure of the peasantry of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, initiated in Ukrainian and Russian historiography in the 60s of the 19th centuries, was at the stage of searching for a methodology for the next two decades. The scientific results of this period are characterized by differences in understanding the criteria of differentiation, superficiality and a simplified approach to the classification and analysis of peasantry categories. However, the works of the young F. Leontovych, as well as I. Belyaev and I. Novytsky, which became the foundation for further scientific studies, were distinguished by their scientificity and objectivity. In general, the scientific process in the segment of the study of the structure of the peasantry moved along an upward line and reached its apogee in the late 19th - early 20th centuries. At this time, the works of F. Leontovych, M. Vladimirsky-Budanov, M. Lyubavsky, M. Hrushevsky were especially thorough. The criteria of peasant categories applied by them and some other scientists turned out to be conceptually close to each other, although they sometimes had differences in details, content and justification. In particular, the above-mentioned researchers developed and substantiated the differentiation of peasants based on three main criteria: 1) by legal status and personal dependence; 2) by the form of land ownership and land use; 3) by the nature of obligations. It is characteristic that the differentiation of the peasantry of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was presented by researchers mainly within the period of the 15th - the first half of the 16th century, and only in rare cases did they address this problem in subsequent times.
Archival sources for the biography of Archimandrite Melchizedek Znachko-Yavorski
Abstract. In scientific research since the 19th century, all the attention paid to the activities of the abbot of the Trinity Motronyn Monastery, Melchizedek Znachko-Yavorsky, was based mainly on documents published in 1864. The result of this was the actual absence of an objective scientific biography of this church figure to this day. At the same time, a significant part of unpublished and not introduced into scientific circulation archival documents is currently stored in the Institute of Manuscripts of the V. Vernadsky National Library of Ukraine and the Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in Kyiv. Among them are documents that reveal the growth of Melchizedek's church career, his reports on diplomatic activities, orders on the management of monasteries, correspondence with closest relatives, etc. A significant part of the documents is of a purely church-administrative nature. The use of the discovered documents already today allows us to answer questions regarding individual moments of the archimandrite's biography. Scientific novelty. For the first time in historical science, an analysis of documentary sources discovered in the archives of Ukraine is being carried out that can be used for an accurate reconstruction of the life and activities of Archimandrite Melchizedek Znachko-Yavorsky. The methodology is based on general scientific methods of logic, objectivity and systematicity. In addition, the principle of historicism and the comparative method were also used in the study. Conclusions. Unpublished archival documents relating to the life and activities of Archimandrite Melchizedek are stored in the archival repositories of Ukraine and make it possible to recreate an accurate biography of this church figure. Among them are documents directly related to his church activities, as well as relations with relatives and representatives of various social strata.
The Kholodnyi Yar events of the Ukrainian Revolution (1917–1921) in the materials of regional academic conferences
Abstract. The purpose of the article, grounded in a preliminary historiographical analysis, is to draw scholarly attention to the issue of the Kholodnyi Yar events during the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917–1921. The research simultaneously embraces the historical context of the Kholodnyi Yar Uprising of 1918–1922, its unique source base–particularly original materials from local history museums–and, most importantly, numerous publications that, due to the general neglect of local history, have rarely been incorporated into comprehensive historical syntheses. Scientific novelty. For the first time, this article analyzes materials from regional academic forums (conferences, symposia, round tables, seminars) of recent decades devoted to the Kholodnyi Yar events of the revolutionary period, taking into account their specific characteristics. A portion of this scholarly and local history work, as well as contributions from «patriotically minded» publicists, is valuable for presenting original museum sources, including those that have entered collections only relatively recently. Conclusions. The relevance of such a study is evident, as previously developed aspects of local history have largely remained unknown to a broader circle of researchers. In many cases, the dissemination of published papers and abstracts was limited to the participants of those academic gatherings. Consequently, the continued peripheral status of this knowledge and the insufficient integration of these materials into scholarly discourse perpetuate the sad tradition of communist-era neglect and ideological suppression of the Kholodnyi Yar movement. In other words, the revival of Cossack traditions on a national foundation–symbolized by Kholodnyi Yar during the revolutionary era–proved so «ideologically inconvenient» for politicians and historians that the echoes of such rejection are still felt today. Surprisingly, even after 1991, this stereotypical perception persisted among many officials and adherents of Clio. The need for more comprehensive scholarly syntheses is further motivated by the necessity to counter entrenched myths and stereotypes that hinder the objectivity of historical narratives and the development of appropriate commemorative practices. In the context of the ongoing hybrid war waged by Ukraine’s northeastern neighbor, these tasks have acquired the status of a matter of national security.
Hrushevsky-politican in Ukrainian memorial discourse
Abstract. The aim of the article is to study of M. Hrushevsky’s communication with students of Lviv University. The research methodology involves the use of principles, general scientific and special-historical methods of historiographical research. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the attempt to comprehensively reconstruct M. Hrushevsky’s communicative strategies in relation to representatives of the student community of Lviv University. In conclusion, the innovative nature of the activities of Hrushevsky as a teacher at the Lviv University forum is emphasized. The scientist rejected patriarchal practices of elevating the professorship over the student community and their nurturing of democratic traditions of communication with youth. The basis of such a strategy was the idea of the University as a harmonious community of authoritative teachers and adepts thirsting for new knowledge, formulated during the Enlightenment. Thanks to this communicative model, M. Hrushevsky established a productive equal dialogue with his students. This made possible the emergence of the first school of Ukrainian socio-humanitarian studies, whose representatives influenced the leading directions of Ukrainian studies throughout the twentieth century. An important effect was also the unification of students divided into party groups by the idea of ​​founding a Ukrainian university. This cultural demand became a long-term reference point in the fight against Polish discrimination in Eastern Galicia. M. Hrushevsky’s ideological leadership in these projects turned him into an authoritative figure for Ukrainian youth. However, because of this, Polish students, imitating the anti-Ukrainian rhetoric of their senior colleagues, treated the professor with a distinct distance, and sometimes openly hostile. But in general, it was M. Hrushevsky’s students who determined the nature of the course of the difficult Polish-Ukrainian dialogue during the First World War and during the following twenty years. The study of the influence of the ideas of the author of the «History of Ukraine-Rus» on the peculiarities of its course is an important subject of the intellectual history of Central and Eastern Europe.
Myron Korduba’s journalism on the pages of Biuletyń Polsko-Ukraiński: ideology and issues
Abstract. The purpose of this article is a comprehensive reflection on the socio-political issues addressed by M. Korduba on the pages of Biuletyn Polsko-Ukraiński. The research methodology is based on the combination of principles traditional for historiographic works (historicism, objectivity, holism and systematicity, as well as a value approach to the object of study) and general scientific (comparison, generalization, analysis and synthesis) and special-historical (historical-genetic, historical-comparative, historical-typological and historical-psychological) methods of scientific work. The scientific novelty of the article: Based on a wide range of sources, the article reconstructs the specific features of M. Korduba’s collaboration with the Biuletyn Polsko-Ukraiński. Conclusions. In conclusion, it should be noted that M. Korduba’s cooperation with Biuletyn Polsko-Ukraiński was driven by the need to inform the new authorities of Eastern Galicia about the Ukrainian perspective on resolving numerous problems in interethnic dialogue. With appropriate tact and historical argumentation, the historian countered stereotypes created by intellectuals of the people's democratic camp about their eastern neighbors as an ethnicity incapable of full political and cultural life. Decisively opposing such views, M. Korduba convincingly argued for the undeniable right of the largest national minority in the Polish state to have a native-language higher education system, civic organizations free from repressive oversight, and an uncensored press. At the same time, the Galician historian emphasized the danger of Polish officials treating citizens of Ukrainian origin as potential enemies of the reborn Polish state. M. Korduba pointed out that abandoning these consequences of Polish-Ukrainian armed confrontation was a necessary precondition for the emergence of an equitable interethnic dialogue. The publicist believed this would foster the creation of a community united by shared interests. As a historian, M. Korduba understood that only such logic in political decision-making could ensure the stability of the Polish state, which stood between Soviet and German totalitarianisms. As we know, the historian’s appeals did not convince Polish intellectuals, which had tragic consequences for our nations during the Second World War.
The embodiment of the “Tree of Jesse” composition in the mural paintings of st. George’s church in Drohobych within the context of Ukrainian art monuments
Abstract. The “Tree of Jesse” is one of the central iconographic motifs of Christian art, visualizing the biblical genealogy of Jesus Christ in accordance with the prophecy of Isaiah. Aim of the Article. To carry out a comprehensive investigation of the iconography of the “Tree of Jesse” composition in the mural paintings of St. George’s Church in Drohobych, to perform a comparative analysis with other Ukrainian and European examples, and to interpret the symbolism of the tulip ornament within the context of seventeenth-century sacred art. The study’s novelty lies in the identification and systematic analysis of a distinctive feature of the Drohobych mural – the inclusion of the tulip motif, unique for Ukrainian religious iconography – and in uncovering the possible cultural and trade routes through which this element entered the Ukrainian artistic tradition. The originality of the research lies in its integration of iconographic, cultural-historical, and symbolic approaches, which makes it possible to situate the Drohobych monument more precisely within the development of Ukrainian iconography and to trace its connections to broader European artistic trends of the early modern period. Conclusions. The “Tree of Jesse” mural in St. George’s Church, Drohobych, is not only a representation of the canonical biblical narrative but also a testament to the creative synthesis of local iconographic tradition and international stylistic influences, expanding our understanding of cultural circulation in East European sacred art.
Membership of Kyrylo Rozumovsky in European scientific communities
Abstract. The purpose is to publish and analyse documents confirming the membership of Ukrainian Hetman Kyrylo Rozumovskyki in the Royal Academy of Sciences in Berlin and the Royal Society in London. The scientific novelty of this study lies in the fact that previous studies of Kyrylo Rozumovskyi have only mentioned his presidency of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, without referencing his participation in other scientific communities. This study analyses documents that have not previously been used in biographical studies of the Hetman. During the research, an unknown and unpublished starry sky map dedicated to Kyrylo Rozumovskyi was discovered. Conclusions. The discovered archival documents demonstrate Kyrylo Rozumovsky’s authority in European scientific circles, as evidenced by the reasons for his election. Consequently, Rozumovskyi emerges not only as a political figure, but also as a representative of the Ukrainian elite in the 18th-century international scientific community, confirming the participation of Ukrainian individuals in Europe’s intellectual discourse.
“How we came to Thalerhof”: the tragedy of Ruthenians on the pages of “Our Lemko”
Abstract. The purpose of the study is to clarify the peculiarities of a diverse understanding related to the Thalerhof concentration camp issue by the representatives of the authors' circle of the “Nash Lemko” newspaper. The methodological basis of the research is an interdisciplinary approach. In the article such methods and approaches as systematic, comparative and critical analysis of the source base, represented by large text arrays, have been used. The correct interpretation of various genres of the newspaper information has been made possible by the use of the content analysis method. The scientific novelty of the article consists in the attempt to comprehensively analyse the reception of a number of Thalerhof stories by the authors of the “Nash Lemko” newspaper. In conclusion, it has been noted that it was the Thalerhof events that significantly influenced the self-awareness of the Ruthenians as an ethnic group during the interwar period. Realizing this issue somewhat later than the representatives of the Muscovite camp, the Ruthenian intellectuals united around the “Nash Lemko” newspaper and began a difficult activity of deconstructing the stereotypes spread by their opponents, and thus a difficult activity of Ukrainizing the Thalerhof narrative. The activity carried out by Yulian Tarnovych, Petro Antonyshyn, Ostap Kostarevych and other employees of the newspaper was multifaceted, as it included the development of a new conceptual model, interviewing eyewitnesses of the tragedy, processing and publishing their memories, preparing polemical speeches, writing analytical studies, etc. As a result, a completely competitive historiographical image of the Thalerhof tragedy was created, which encouraged the Lemkos to remain with the Ukrainian national choice after their expulsion from their native lands and a subsequent resettlement by many diaspora centres during the post-war years. This conceptually balanced and factually based interpretative model proved to be in demand for the Ukrainian socio-humanitarian studies of the independence era, becoming an organic component of a modern academic reconstructure of the Thalerhof issue.
The Soviet-Afghan war as a source of traumatic stress (Based on the epistolary heritage of residents of the Zhashkiv region)
Abstract. The purpose of this article is a comprehensive analysis and synthesis of the social problems caused by the moral, ethical, and psychological traumas experienced by Afghan War veterans and their families. These traumas were triggered by the events of the Soviet-Afghan War and manifested in communication both during the intervention and after its end – across years and even decades. Scientific novelty. In this article, published materials – letters, memoirs, and interviews of residents of the Zhashkiv region – are comprehensively analyzed for the first time. The focus is on former enlisted soldiers and junior commanders of the Soviet Army, commonly referred to as «Afghans» – the term used in the USSR for those who served in the Afghan War. Their actual experiences – traumatic stresses – are presented in the context of documenting the expression of these emotions specifically in their epistolary heritage. According to the authors, documentary and oral-historical evidence openly and thoroughly represents the fates of the servicemen who had to endure risks, fear, and at times the hell of the Soviet-Afghan War of 1979–1989. It is demonstrated that the shocks and traumas experienced by the «Afghans» lead to a significantly different understanding of those events than is customary in «official» historiography and didactic literature. Conclusions. The war in Afghanistan had a hybrid character, although this was not acknowledged at the time. Information about it was restricted – a typical feature of the policies of the communist leadership. The population of Ukraine (the Ukrainian SSR) knew very little. The situation was arranged in such a way that people were reluctant to talk about combat operations or the horrors of war. Soldiers and sergeants returning from service – the «Afghans» – were also not particularly inclined to share their experiences. One of the reasons for this was the regime’s desire to keep political stability in society. As a result, few were interested in spreading information about what was actually happening across the border, in Afghanistan. Nevertheless, it was impossible to conceal everything, because the state of tension and the permanent stress that thousands of servicemen had to endure could hardly be hidden – especially by those who had repeatedly been on the verge of life and death, had suffered torture, or had been maimed. The psychological situation was no better for the relatives who received notifications about the death or injury of their children or parents. Drawing on unique primary sources, the authors reveal a much broader scale of tragedy than was previously assumed.
International relations of the Ancient States of the Northern Black SEA in the time of greek colonization (V–I century BC)
Abstract. Given the lack of a special work in the national historiography on international relations of the North Black Sea states in the V-I centuries BC, the article aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of them. The scientific novelty is that the materials of the publication will contribute to a more complete understanding of both the history of the region in particular and national history in general in the specified chronological period, and will have practical application in the educational process. Conclusions. It is stated that the international relations of the ancient states of the Northern Black Sea region during the Greek colonization of the V-I centuries BC played an important role in their economic and political situation.
Shipbuilding and the fleet of the Crimean Khanate in the 15–18th centuries
Abstract. In the article was examines the fleet of the Crimean Khanate and the shipbuilding traditions in the state. Analyzed the role of the main shipbuilding centers on the peninsula and the territories controlled by the Khanate, revealed the military and commercial significance of the fleet for the state. Highlighted the role of the Ottoman Empire in the development of the Crimean Tatar fleet and the influence of Turkish shipbuilding traditions on the maritime affairs of the Khanate. The purpose of the study is a comprehensive analysis of the Crimean naval fleet and the maritime traditions of the Khanate. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that for the first time in domestic historiography an attempt has been made to comprehensively consider the Crimean Tatar fleet – shipbuilding centers, types of ships, their tactical military, logistical and commercial use. Contemporary sources mentioning the fleet of the Crimean Khanate are analyzed. A description of the boats used by the Kirymly is given. Conclusions. The author determined that the Crimean Khanate had its own fleet, but its small size did not allow us to speak of the Khanate as a powerful maritime state. The development of the fleet was not envisaged by the military doctrine and strategy of the khans, whose focus was on the land army, namely mobile light cavalry. The Crimean Tatars used boats mainly for two purposes – trade and transportation of troops. In particular, the Crimean Tatar army was transported by boats during the campaign against the Circassians in 1545, in military campaigns against the Safavids in 1617 and 1638. Due to the fact that the Ottoman Empire after 1475 controlled almost all the key ports of the Crimean peninsula, and the Crimeans did not have boat building specialists and relevant technologies, the Crimean fleet developed under the direct influence of the Porte. The Ottoman Empire was interested in building sea and river vessels in Crimean ports, given the availability of wood and other materials. The Ottoman warships protected the Khanate from attacks by the Cossacks and other opponents. Galleys became a popular type of vessel among the Crimeans, which allowed the transportation of slaves (the slave trade was one of the foundations of the Khanate's economy) and troops. Khans and representatives of the elite (influential murzas and beys) could build their own sea and river vessels.
The origin and evolution of award systems in European Monarchies: from Medieval Orders to modern decorations
Abstract. The purpose. This article presents a comprehensive study of the historical development of award systems in European monarchies, covering the period from the emergence of the first knightly orders in the Middle Ages to modern state decorations. It examines the socio-political preconditions for the formation of award systems as a tool for consolidating power, encouraging loyalty and recognising services to the state. Methodology. The research is based on a wide range of sources, including archival documents, statutes of orders, memoirs, and contemporary scientific publications. The methodological approach combines historical, comparative, and cultural analysis, which allows for a comprehensive picture of the evolution of European award systems in their social, political, and cultural context. The scientific novelty. The study analyses the transformation of the functions and symbolism of award systems in the context of changing political regimes and social structures. Particular attention is paid to the evolution of award criteria: from military exploits and religious service in the Middle Ages to the recognition of civil merits, scientific achievements and cultural contributions in the modern era. The author traces the continuity of traditions and the adaptation of historical forms to new realities. Conclusions. The comparative analysis includes a study of the characteristics of the award systems of various European monarchies, revealing both general trends in development and specific national features. The mechanisms of mutual influence between different royal courts and the processes of unification of award practices within the European cultural space are considered. The article explores the role of award systems in the formation of court hierarchy and diplomatic relations between European states. It analyses the use of orders and medals as instruments of international politics, means of strengthening dynastic ties and demonstrating the prestige of monarchical houses on the European stage. Particular emphasis is placed on the study of the adaptation of traditional award systems to the conditions of constitutional monarchies and democratic transformations. The preservation of historical traditions in modern European kingdoms and their role in supporting the cultural identity and historical memory of the nation are explored.
The Arrow Cross Movement in Ung County in 1938–1944
Abstract. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to study the activities of the Arrow Cross Party and the Hungarist movement in Ung County in 1938–1944. The research focuses on how far-right ideology influenced local society, the methods the movement sought to gain influence, and the means by which the authorities attempted to restrict its activities. Scientific novelty. The novelty of the work lies in the use of lesser-known archival sources to highlight the process of establishing local organizations, the difficulties of obtaining permits, and the political instrumentalization of the land question. A detailed analysis is provided of how the Arrow Cross activists sought to address the peasantry and how the state and local authorities responded. Originality of the research. The originality lies in a microhistorical approach: through examples of specific settlements, the everyday functioning of the movement is revealed. The analysis goes beyond the ideological level and also demonstrates the living conditions of local members, their social background, and their attitude toward the organization. Particular attention is paid to political symbolism, public events, and forms of agitation that shaped the party’s image within local communities. Conclusions. The results of the study show that the spread of the movement was facilitated by economic difficulties, social discontent, and a political vacuum; however, conscious resistance from both local and central authorities significantly limited it. Although Arrow Cross cells managed to reach rural communities and their agitation had an impact on certain groups, long-term consolidation of the movement was hindered by government actions, internal contradictions, and wartime circumstances. The party’s influence remained spatially and socially differentiated: in some communities it managed to establish a base, while in others indifference or outright resistance prevailed. Overall, it can be concluded that the far-right movement in Ung County had a certain presence and temporary influence, but the conditions did not allow it to become a stable political force.
Cuba’s participation in African military conflicts in the 1970s–1980s: the geopolitical impact of Fidel Castro
Abstract. The purpose of this article is to analyze Cuba’s participation in African military conflicts in the 1970s–1980s, with particular focus on assessing the scope of military-political intervention and determining Fidel Castro’s geopolitical influence on the course of regional conflicts. The study examines the motives of Cuban policy, interaction with international actors, as well as the long-term consequences for international relations during the Cold War. Special attention is given to Castro’s strategic objectives, which aimed not only to support socialist movements but also to strengthen Cuba’s international weight by forging alliances with the countries of the Global South. The importance of the topic is also determined by its relevance for teaching academic disciplines to students of the specialties A4.03 Secondary Education (History and Civic Education), B9 History and Archaeology, and C3 International Relations, as it deepens the understanding of global processes of the second half of the 20th century and allows tracing the origins of contemporary international challenges in Africa. Scientific novelty. The article’s novelty lies in a comprehensive analysis of Cuba’s role, with particular emphasis on Fidel Castro’s personal influence and the autonomy of his decisions regarding Africa. Unlike traditional studies that reduced Cuban intervention solely to manifestations of ideological struggle, this work highlights the pragmatic dimension of foreign policy, as well as instances where Havana’s position diverged from that of the Soviets. The use of memoirs, speeches, and statements of Cuban figures, African leaders, and diplomatic documents makes it possible to reassess the scale and consequences of the interventions. Conclusions. Cuba’s participation in Africa’s military conflicts became an important factor in geopolitical transformations. It contributed to the processes of decolonization and the struggle against apartheid, while at the same time supporting Marxist regimes, prolonging certain wars, and deepening international tensions. Cuba left a significant mark on the continent’s history and established itself as an independent international actor within the global Cold War system.
Institutionalization of analytical practices in the study of foreign policy in the training of international relations students
Abstract. The purpose of the article is to examine the institutionalization of analytical practices in the study of foreign policy in the training of international relations students based on the systematic use of information-analytical activity tools in the educational process. It is shown that the courses «Information-Analytical Activity in International Affairs» and «Foreign Policy of Post-Soviet Countries» serve as platforms where students not only master theory but also consistently apply analytical methods to real political material. In particular, students’ work involves procedures such as: analysis of official foreign policy documents; comparison of decisions by different actors in conflict situations; preparation of analytical memos; verification of information from various sources; reconstruction of event sequences; identification of propagandistic narratives; compilation of structured situation reviews. The application of these tools within systematic tasks (case studies, debriefings after simulations, analytical memos, group research projects) elevates analytical activity from the status of an episodic exercise to a permanent component of the educational process. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that analytical practices are considered not as methodological elements but as an already institutionalized mechanism for training international relations specialists, embedded in the content and procedures of studying foreign policy. The institutionalization of such practices in education enhances students’ analytical readiness for work in conditions of information turbulence and transforms the process of mastering foreign policy from a descriptive to a practically oriented one. In the conclusions, it is substantiated that such institutionalization increases students’ analytical readiness for professional activity in conditions of information turbulence and shifts the study of foreign policy from a descriptive to a practically oriented format.
The use of STEAM Technologies in the lessons of the historical cycle
Abstract. Objective. To reveal the essence and importance of STEM education in the modern world, as well as to analyze its impact on improving the quality and effectiveness of learning. The key advantages of the STEM approach, such as the development of critical thinking, problem-solving skills, creativity and cooperation, practical aspects of implementing STEM education in history lessons, ways and recommendations for overcoming challenges and successful implementation of STEM education in Ukraine are outlined. Conclusions. Modern digital realities pose challenges for education, such as clip thinking and low motivation, which requires innovative approaches. STEM education, which integrates science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, is effective in building critical thinking, problem-solving, and collaboration skills. Its application, in particular through 3D modeling and Minecraft, makes learning interactive and hands-on, developing digital skills. The success of STEM depends on the transformation of the role of the teacher, who becomes a designer and conductor of ideas. Thus, STEM education is a key tool for preparing future generations for life and professional activities in a dynamically changing world.
The Burning Eyes of Anatol Perepadia (to the 90th anniversary of the birth of the famous translator)