THE DEMILITARIZATION OF THE RHINELAND AND THE RHINE CRISIS OF 1936.

Main Article Content

О. І. Ovcharenko

Abstract

The article analyzes the most important resolutions of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 on the German problem. The author singles out the creation of the Rhineland demilitarized zone, intended to complicate the attack of Germany to France and informs that the decision on it was a compromise between the allies. The United States and England had to conclude the guarantee agreement with France for assistance in case of unprovoked aggression of Germany, but this agreement was not signed – France was left without a guarantee that inspired it to create a system of French alliances in the East. The article briefly presents the problem of reparations and the Ruhr crisis, «Dawes Plan», Soviet factor and their impacts on the positions of Germany and France. The author touches upon the essence of the Locarno Treaties, especially the Rhine guarantee pact. The author proves the fact that the policy of Locarno was a certain modus vivendi in relations between Germany and Western countries. In Germany, it was considered that the Treaty of Versailles should be reviewed, especially regarding East and Locarno is only a stage in the process. It relied on patience, compromise and agreement of the European consensus and saw no need for revision of Versailles by force. However, Germany has not achieved one of its main objectives – the recognition of its equality in armament.

The author highlights Hitler’s basic steps in elimination of military articles of the Versailles Treaty, the preparation and reoccupation of Rhineland zone. Those facts were facilitated by a conciliatory policy of England and French leaders’ inability to resist German aggression. The Rhine crisis has dramatically weakened the position of France on the borders with Germany and the East. It was possible to protect Eastern Europe from German attack only if France had chosen the offensive strategy, which could be based on using the Rhine demilitarized zone as a kind of hostage. Capturing of the Rhineland zone by Nazi Germany in its consequences was decisive in its transition to a policy of territorial expansion in Europe.

Article Details

Section
Статті

References

References:

The history of diplomacy. V. 3. Diplomacy at the first stage of the general crisis of capitalism. – M.: Politizdat, 1965. – 832 p.

History of the international relations and foreign policy of the USSR: 3 Vol. 1917–1987. – M .: International Relations, 1986. – T. 1. 1917–1945. – 414 р.

Belousovа Z. France and European security 1929–1939 / Z. Belousovа. – M .: Nauka, 1976 – 419 p.

Kissinger Н. Diplomacy / Henry Kissinger; per. from English. V.V. Lviv. Afterword. G. Arbatov. – M .: Ladomir, 1997. – 848 p.

Sidorov А. U. History of international relations. 1918–1939. / A. U. Sidorov, N. E. Kleimenova. – M .: ZAO Tsentrpoligrf, 2006. – 640 p.

The system of international relations history in two volumes / ed. A. D. Bogaturov. Volume 1. Events 1918–1945 period. – M .: Cultural Revolution, 2009. – 480 p.

Demidov S.V. Foreign policy and diplomacy of Britain between the two world wars // S.V. Demidov, etc. Studies in the History of UK in the XVII–XX centuries. Monograph. – M, Ryazan, 2002. – P.158–207.

Naumov A. O. Nazi International. Conquering Europe / A. О. Naumov – M .: Veche, 2005. – 448 p.

Ivanov A. G. Rhine crisis of 1936 and the collapse of the system Locarno / A. G. Ivanov // Actual problems of international relations. The twentieth century: Sat scientific. tr. – Krasnodar: Kuban. state. University Press, 2002. – P. 7–39.

Naumov A. O. "Rhine bluff" Hitler. The remilitarization of the Rhineland in 1937 / A. O. Naumov // Modern and Contemporary History. – 2011. – № 6. – S. 43–59.

The Treaty of Versailles. Trans. from Fren. ed. Klyuchnikova Yu. and Sabanin A. – M .: Litizdat People's Commissariat, 1925. – 199 p.

Jordan V. M. Britain, France and the German problem in 1918–1939. Analysis of the Anglo-French relations during the establishment and implementation of the Treaty of Versailles / V. M. Jordan; trans. from English. I. Zvavich. – M .: Gospolitizdat, 1945. – 304 p.

Dayton L. World War II: mistakes, mistakes, loss / L. Dayton. – M .: Eksmo-Press, 2000. – 672 p.

Politburo of the Central Committee. Politburo of the RCP (b) – VKP (b), the Communist International: 1919–1943. Documentation. – M .: ROSSPEN, 2004. – 960 p.

Documents of Soviet foreign policy. – V. 5. January 1, 1922 – November 19, 1922 – M .: Politizdat, 1961. – 807 p.

See .: Ovcharenko A. Rapallsky Choice / O. Ovcharenko // Gurzhіїvskіhistoric subtraction: Zbіrnik Naukovyh Pratz. – Vol. 7. – Cherkasy: Chabanenko A., 2014. – P. 358–361.

Indukaeva N. S. US policy toward Germany in 1922–1925. / N.S. Indukaeva. – Tomsk: Publishing house of Tomsk University Press, 1986. – 154 p.

Locarno Conference 1925 Documents. – M .: Gospolitizdat, 1959. – 512 p.

W. Churchill global crisis. Autobiography. Speech / Churchill. – M .: Publishing house Eksmo, 2003. – 768 p.

Documents on British Foreign Policy 1919–1939. Second Series. – L., 1972. – Vols. XII. – 820 p.

Documents on International Affairs. 1935. – L., 1936. – Vols. I. – 680 p.

Brostsat A.M. Sunset thousand-year Reich / M. Brostsat; tr . Kuznetsova. – M .: Yauza, Eksmo, 2005. – 288 p.

A. Bullock Hitler and Stalin. Life and power. Comparative life: in 2 vols II / A. Bullock,. tr. from English. - Smolensk: Rusich, 1998. – 688 p.

Documents of Soviet foreign policy. – V. 18. 31 January – 31 December 1935 – M .: Politizdat, 1973. – 786 p.

Melnikov D. Adolf Hitler – the criminal number 1 / D. Melnikov, L. Black. – M.: Yauza, 2004. – 544 p.

William Shirer. The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: 2 t / W. Shearer, tr. from English. – M .: Military Publishing, 1991. – T. 1. – 653 p.

Naumov A.O. Nazi International. Conquering Europe / A. O. Naumov. – M.: Veche, 2005. – 448 p.

Dyullena S. Stalin and his diplomats: the Soviet Union and Europe, 1930–1939 g. / S. Dyullena; tr. from fr. EM Sectional. – M .: ROSSPEN, 2009. – 319 p.

Reo E. Du. France, Germany and the USSR. 1936–1939 years / E. Du Reo // Soviet Union, France and the evolution of Europe in the 30s. – M .: MGIMO, 2003. – P. 215–228.

Goerlitz V. German General Staff. History and structure. 1957–1945 / V. Görlitz; tr. from English. S.V. Lisogorskogo. – M .: ZAO Tsentrpoligraf, 2005. – 478 p.

Fest I. Hitler. Biography. Triumph and fall into the abyss / I. Fest; tr. from it. A. Fedorov, N.S. Letnevoy, A.M. Andropov. – M .: Veche, 2006. – 640 p.

R. Evans Third Reich. Days of Triumph: 1933–1939 / Richard Evans; tr. from English. Kobritsova B. and A. Galaktionov. – Ekaterinburg: U-factor; M.: Astrel, 2010. – 958 p.

History of the Gestapo Delarue Jacques / Jacques Delarue; tr. from English. M.S. Kuznetsova – M .: ZAO Tsentrpoligraf, 2004.– 415 p.

Belov N. von. I was adjutant to Hitler. 1937–1945 / N. von Below; per. from it. Mr. Rudy. – Smolensk: Rusich, 2003. – 528 p.

Cartier R. Mystery War. After Nuremberg / R. Cartier. – M .: Veche, 2005. – 448 p.

Guderian G. Panzer Leader / Guderian; tr. with it. – Smolensk: Rusich, 2001. – 656 p.

The Nuremberg Trials:. 7 vols 5. interrogations of defendants and lawyers speech. – M .: Gosyurizdat, 1960. – 884 p.

Keitel V. Memoirs of Field Marshal. Victory and defeat of the Wehrmacht. Years 1938–1945 / V. Keitel; tr. from English. P.Y Nikishova. – M .: ZAO Tsentrpoligraf, 2004. – 351 p.

Churchill W. Second World War: a 3-book. / Winston Churchill; abbr. tr. from English. – Moscow: Military Publishing, 1991. – Book 1. T. I – II. – 592 p.

George Grenville. The history of the twentieth century. People, Events, Facts / George Grenville.; tr. from English. A. Suvorov. – M .: Aquarium, 1990. – 896 p.

Emery L. My Political Life / L. Emery; per. from English. AO Zelenina, etc. – M .: Publishing House of Foreign Literature, 1960. – 686 p.

Charles de Gaulle. Military memoirs. Call. 1940–1942 years / Charles De Gaulle; tr. from France. – M .: Publishing House of Foreign Literature, 1957.– 824 p.

Documents of Soviet foreign policy. – T. 19. January 1 – December 31, 1936/ – M.: Politizdat, 1974. – 823 p.

Gorokhov V. The history of international relations. 1918–1939 / V. Gorokhov. – M.: Izd. University Press, 2004. – 288 p.

Dirksen G. von. Moscow, Tokyo, London. Twenty years of German foreign policy / G. von Dirksen; per. from English. N.Y. Likhacheva. – M .: Olma-Press, 2001. – 445 p.

Papen F. von. Vice-Chancellor of the Third Reich. Memoirs of a politician Hitler's Germany. 1933–1947 / Franz von Papen; tr. from English. M.G. Baryshnikova. – M .: ZAO Tsentrpoligraf, 2005. – 590 p.

Ribbentrop J. von. Secret diplomacy Reich / J. von Ribbentrop; tr. from it. G.Y. Rudy. – M .: Thought, 1999. – 448 p.

Schmidt P. Hitler's Interpreter / P. Schmidt; tr. from English. T. Shestopal. – Smolensk: Rusich, 2001. – 400 p.

Weizsacker von E. Ambassador of the Third Reich. Memories of a German diplomat. 1932–1945 / Eduard von Weizsäcker; tr. F.S. Kapitsya. – M.: ZAO Tsentrpoligraf, 2007. – 335 p.